Boundary Extension is a cognitive bias that refers to the tendency for people to remember an event or image extending beyond its original boundaries. This phenomenon was first identified by psychologists Intraub and Bodamer in 1993, and since then, it has been extensively studied in various fields, including psychology, neuroscience, and marketing. What is Boundary […]

The Bizarreness Effect is a cognitive phenomenon where people tend to remember unusual or bizarre events better than ordinary ones. This effect was first discovered by psychologist Donald Deffenbacher in 1970 and has since been extensively studied in various fields, including psychology, education, and marketing. What is the Bizarreness Effect? The Bizarreness Effect states that […]

Availability bias is a cognitive bias that affects how people perceive and estimate the likelihood of certain events orphenomena based on their personal experiences and memories. It occurs when an individual overestimates the importance or frequency of information that readily comes to mind, simply because it is more memorable or salient. What is Availability Bias? […]

What is the Pollyanna effect? The Pollyanna effect refers to a psychological phenomenon where individuals tend to remember past events more positively than they actually were. This can lead to a biased and overly optimistic view of one’s experiences, relationships, and overall well-being. Causes of the Pollyanna effect Several factors contribute to the Pollyanna effect: […]

Source Confusion refers to the phenomenon where an individual has difficulty determining the origin or source of information they have acquired through various means, such as memory, learning, or social interactions. This confusion can lead to misattribution, misinformation, and misunderstandings. Types of Source Confusion There are several types of Source Confusion: Causes of Source Confusion […]

Social Cryptomnesia refers to the phenomenon where an individual unconsciously remembers social interactions or conversations they had with others, but later recalls them as their own original thoughts or ideas. This can lead to unintended plagiarism, misattribution of credit, and altered perceptions of one’s relationships with others. History of Social Cryptomnesia The concept of Social […]

False memory refers to the phenomenon where people recall events or experiences that did not actually occur. These memories can be entirely fabricated, distorted, or altered in some way, leading individuals to believe they have experienced something that is not based on reality. Types of False Memories There are several types of false memories: Causes […]

Cryptomnesia is a psychological phenomenon in which an individual unconsciously remembers a previously encountered idea, concept, or creative work, and later recalls it as their own original thought. This can lead to unintentional plagiarism, where the person believes they have created something entirely new, when in fact they are drawing from their subconscious memory of […]

The Worse-Than-Average Effect (WTA) is a cognitive bias that occurs when people tend to perceive themselves as being worse than others in areas where they are actually average or even better. This phenomenon was first identified by psychologist Richard Nisbett and his colleagues in 1977. How the Worse-Than-Average Effect Works The WTA effect arises from […]

Shared Information Bias (SIB) is a cognitive bias that occurs when groups of people make decisions or form opinions based on information that is already shared and known to everyone in the group, rather than seeking out new, unique, or diverse perspectives. This phenomenon was first identified by psychologists Garold Stasser and William Titus in […]