The Affirming the Consequent is a type of logical error that occurs when someone mistakenly assumes that because a conditional statement (if-then) has a true consequent (the “then” part), the antecedent (the “if” part) must also be true. Example: “If it rains, the streets will be wet.” (Conditional statement)“The streets are indeed wet.”“Therefore, it must […]

Logic refers to the systematic study of reasoning and argumentation, encompassing various methods for evaluating arguments, identifying patterns of valid reasoning, and distinguishing between sound and unsound conclusions. It involves the use of logical operators, rules of inference, and formal systems to analyze and evaluate statements, propositions, and arguments. Key Aspects of Logic: Branches of […]

The Affirming the Disjunct is a type of logical error that occurs when someone mistakenly assumes that one part of a disjunction (an “or” statement) being true means that the entire disjunction must be true. This fallacy gets its name from the fact that affirming one disjunct is not sufficient to prove the truth of […]

The Masked-Man Fallacy is a type of logical error that occurs when someone tries to prove an identity or relationship by citing similarities between two entities, without actually providing evidence for their conclusion. This fallacy gets its name from the classic example: Example: Socrates encounters a man wearing a mask and asks him who he […]

The Conjunction Fallacy is a cognitive error that occurs when people overestimate the probability of two events occurring together, compared to the probability of each event occurring separately. This fallacy arises from our tendency to neglect the concept of joint probability and instead rely on intuitive, narrative-based thinking. Example 1: Linda is a woman who […]

The Base Rate Fallacy is a type of cognitive error that occurs when people ignore or neglect to consider the base rate (or prior probability) of an event when making judgments or decisions. This fallacy leads individuals to overestimate the importance of specific information or evidence, while underestimating the impact of general trends or probabilities. […]

The Argument from Fallacy is a type of logical error that occurs when someone assumes that an argument or claim must be false because it contains a flaw or fallacy. In other words, this fallacy involves dismissing an entire argument simply because one aspect of it is incorrect. Example 1: Person A: “You think we […]

The Appeal to Probability Fallacy is a type of logical error that occurs when someone argues that an event or situation is likely to happen simply because it’s improbable that it wouldn’t happen. In other words, this fallacy involves assuming that something must be true because it’s statistically probable. Example 1: Person A: “You can’t […]

Introduction In the realm of modern politics, two ideologies have emerged as dominant forces shaping international relations and domestic policies: neoconservatism and neoliberalism. While both ideologies share some commonalities, they also exhibit distinct differences in their underlying principles, goals, and methods. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of neoconservatism and neoliberalism, exploring their […]

Label theory, also known as labeling theory, is a concept that suggests that people are influenced by the labels or categories assigned to them. While this idea may seemharmless at first glance, it has the potential to cause significant harm. How Labeling Can Be Destructive: Real-Life Examples: The Dangers of Internalized Labeling: Breaking Free from […]