The Masked-Man Fallacy is a type of logical error that occurs when someone tries to prove an identity or relationship by citing similarities between two entities, without actually providing evidence for their conclusion. This fallacy gets its name from the classic example: Example: Socrates encounters a man wearing a mask and asks him who he […]

The Conjunction Fallacy is a cognitive error that occurs when people overestimate the probability of two events occurring together, compared to the probability of each event occurring separately. This fallacy arises from our tendency to neglect the concept of joint probability and instead rely on intuitive, narrative-based thinking. Example 1: Linda is a woman who […]

The Base Rate Fallacy is a type of cognitive error that occurs when people ignore or neglect to consider the base rate (or prior probability) of an event when making judgments or decisions. This fallacy leads individuals to overestimate the importance of specific information or evidence, while underestimating the impact of general trends or probabilities. […]

The Argument from Fallacy is a type of logical error that occurs when someone assumes that an argument or claim must be false because it contains a flaw or fallacy. In other words, this fallacy involves dismissing an entire argument simply because one aspect of it is incorrect. Example 1: Person A: “You think we […]

The Appeal to Probability Fallacy is a type of logical error that occurs when someone argues that an event or situation is likely to happen simply because it’s improbable that it wouldn’t happen. In other words, this fallacy involves assuming that something must be true because it’s statistically probable. Example 1: Person A: “You can’t […]

Introduction In the realm of modern politics, two ideologies have emerged as dominant forces shaping international relations and domestic policies: neoconservatism and neoliberalism. While both ideologies share some commonalities, they also exhibit distinct differences in their underlying principles, goals, and methods. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of neoconservatism and neoliberalism, exploring their […]

Label theory, also known as labeling theory, is a concept that suggests that people are influenced by the labels or categories assigned to them. While this idea may seemharmless at first glance, it has the potential to cause significant harm. How Labeling Can Be Destructive: Real-Life Examples: The Dangers of Internalized Labeling: Breaking Free from […]

The rules of war, also known as international humanitarian law (IHL), are a set of principles and norms that regulate the conduct of armed conflicts. These laws aim tomitigate the effects of war on civilians and combatants alike. Sources of IHL: Key Principles: Rules for Conducting Hostilities: Treatment of Prisoners of War: Accountability and Enforcement: […]

The concept of just war theory dates back to ancient times, with philosophers like Cicero and St. Augustine exploring the moral implications of conflict. Modern interpretationshave evolved from these early ideas. Here’s a breakdown of the key principles: Jus Ad Bellum (Just Cause) Jus In Bello (Just Conduct) Jus Post Bellum (Just Peace) Additional Considerations […]

If the national debt is not paid or brought under control, it can have severe consequences for a country’s economy, politics, and society. Some potential outcomes include: Short-Term Consequences (5-10 years) Medium-Term Consequences (10-20 years) Long-Term Consequences (20+ years) Examples of Countries with Uncontrolled National Debt Conclusion Uncontrolled national debt can have severe consequences for […]